そのような背景のもと、エルトンは、1924年『Periodic Fluctuations in the Numbers of Animals』、1927年『Animal Ecology』、1942年『Voles, Mice and Lemmings』を通じて、レミングサイクルなどを例に、生物種の個体数が大きく変動するということを実証し、現在、私たちが小学校で教わっている「食物連鎖」や「生態ピラミッド」などの概念を提唱したのである。
『White Wilderness』での解説とエルトンの論文、1924年『Periodic Fluctuations in the Numbers of Animals』、1927年『Animal Ecology』、1942年『Voles, Mice and Lemmings』を比較すると、笑えるほど一致しているので、興味ある方は見比べていだきたい。
ちなみに「The Walt Disney Family Museum」の「TRUE-LIFE
ADVENTURES by Richard Holliss」という記事(現在削除済)で1958年の『White Wilderness』が、次のように紹介されていた。
「"White Wilderness" followed in 1958. Among the most
visually attractive of all the True- Life Adventures, the film combined
the efforts of eleven photographers. Braving temperatures 70 degrees below
freezing, Herb and Lois Crisler traveled from the Canadian and Alaskan
timber lines to the very edge of the polar ice cap, to capture on film the
life cycle of the lemmings, caribou, wolves, and musk oxen. Comic relief
was provided by the playful antics of two polar bear cubs. "White
Wilderness", like some of its predecessors, won the Academy Awardョ for
Best Documentary Feature.」
「White Wilderness(1958) - 72 min. -
Disney’s True-Life Adventure spotlighting the wildlife of the Arctic also
earned an Oscar® nomination for Oliver Wallace's original scor」
監督はJames Algar (11 June 1912 – 26 February 1998)
これは、1941年に、生態学者によってたびたび観察されている大変に面白い現象である。この話は、チャールズ・エルトンの記念碑的著作『Voles, Mice and Lemmings』(1942)で取り上げられている。
またエルトンの元にいたこともあるDennis Chittyも、当時を振り返り「In 1941 lemming were observed on sea ice nearly every month during winter
and then again during this month」と書いている。
(『Do Lemmings Commit Suicide?』p8)
他Hinterland WHO'S
WHO Lemmingsにも「Lemmings have been seen on sea ice as far as 55 km from the nearest
land. We do not understand why lemmings would move onto sea and lake ice
in the spring of peak years, but spring is a time of social upheaval
caused by the environmental changes associated with snow melt, and the
physiological changes associated with onset of the breeding season.」と記述がある。
エルトンの主要な論文・著作 Periodic Fluctuations in the Numbers of Animals (1924) Animal Ecology (1927)
Animal Ecology and Evolution (1930)
Ecology of Animals (1933) Voles, Mice and Lemmings
(1942)
The Ecology of Invaders (1950)
The Control of Rats and Mice (1954)
The Ecology of Invasions of Animals and Plants (1958)
The Pattern of Animal Communities (1966)
※太字はレミングの神話に影響を与えた重要文献。
レミングに限定しなければ『Animal Ecology』がもっとも重要な業績である。
p126-
「…For many years the lemmings have periodically forced themselves upon
public attention in Southern Norway by migrating down in swarms into the
lowland in autumn, and in many cases marching with great speed and
determination into the sea, in attempting to swim across which they
perish. The details of the fate of the migrants do not concern us here
and are fully described by Collett. The main point is that all these
lemmings die, and none return to the mountains, the chief cause of death
being an epidemic bacterial disease.
It seems pretty certain that the immediate cause of the migration is
overpopulation in the usual habitat. Lemmingpairs usually have their
own territory, nearly all the migrants are young animals of that year, and
while large numbers are concerned in migrating, each individual still
remains solitary and pursues its own independent course. These facts,
taken with the stupendous numbers of migrants, and the fact that a certain
number of lemmings stay behind and do not migrate, show that the
phenomenon is analogous to infanticide among human beings as a method of
preventing overpopulation.」
p130
「Now the recorded lemmingyears imply in every case that a migration of lemmings has taken place. It is obvious that the phenomenon of
migration is far more striking than a mere increase in the numbers. The spectacle of processions of lemmings ecstatically throwing
themselves over the ends of railway bridges, and falling
to an apparently useless death below; the sea strewn with
dead lemmings like leaves on the ground after a storm; lemmings making a bee-line across crowded traffic oblivious
to danger; all these things are bound to make people talk.
But in order that migration may be employed as a means
of relieving congestion in an area, it is clearly necessary that
there shall be somewhere to migrate to. 」
7.レミングの撮影を担当したのは、ジェームス・R.サイモン(James R. Simon)を代表とする9人(11人とも)のカメラマン
「Nine different photographers spent three years shooting and assembling
footage for the various segments that comprise White Wilderness. It is not
known whether Disney approved or knew about the activities of James R.
Simon, the principal photographer for the lemmings sequence.」
「 Save the Lemmings (pressbox.co.uk)」より
なお、カメラマンは9人とあるが「TRUE-LIFE
ADVENTURES by Richard Holliss」では11人とある